How and When to Use the French Preposition Sur

The French preposition sur, one of the most common in the French language,  usually means on, but it has a few other meanings as well depending on what its used with. Here they are. Location un livre sur la table   a book on the tablesur ma route   on my waysur la photo   in the photographsur le stade /  le marchà ©Ã‚   at the stadium / marketsur la chaussà ©e, le boulevard, lavenue   in the road, boulevard, avenueIl neige sur tout le Canada.   Its snowing all over Canada. Direction tourner sur la gauche   to turn to the leftrevenir sur Paris   to return to Paris Approximate time arriver sur les six heures   to arrive around 6 oclockElle va sur ses 50 ans.   Shes going on 50 (years old).sur une pà ©riode dun an   over a period / the course of a year Proportion/Ratio trois fois sur quatre   three times out of four​un enfant sur cinq   one child in fiveune semaine sur deux   every other week Subject/Topic un article sur les roses   an article on rosesune causerie sur là ©galità ©Ã‚   a talk on/about equality After Some Verbs Followed by an Indirect Object Sur  is also required after certain  French verbs  and phrases that are followed by an  indirect object. Note that there is sometimes no equivalent preposition in English but the French usage is idiomatic. Such verbs and phrase include: acheter quelque chose sur le marchà ©   to buy something at the marketappuyer sur  (le bouton)  Ã‚  to press (the button)appuyer sur  (le mur)  Ã‚  to lean (on the wall)arriver sur  (midi)  Ã‚  to arrive at around (noon)compter sur  Ã‚  to count onconcentrer sur  Ã‚  to concentrate oncopier sur quelquun  Ã‚  to copy from someonecroire quelquun sur parole  Ã‚  to take someones word, to take someone at his worddiriger son attention sur  Ã‚  to direct ones attention todonner sur  Ã‚  to overlook, open ontoà ©crire sur  Ã‚  to write aboutsendormir sur  (un livre, son travail)  Ã‚  to fall asleep (over a book, at work)sà ©tendre sur  Ã‚  to spread out overfermer la porte sur  (vous, lui)  Ã‚  to close the door behind (you, him)interroger quelquun sur quelque chose  Ã‚  to question someone about somethingse jeter sur quelquun  Ã‚  to throw oneself upon someoneloucher sur  Ã‚  to ogleprendre modà ¨le sur quelquun  Ã‚  to model oneself on som eonequestionner quelquun sur quelque chose  Ã‚  to question someone about somethingrà ©flà ©chir sur  Ã‚  to think about, reflect uponrà ©gner sur  Ã‚  to reign overrejeter une faute sur quelquun  Ã‚  to place the blame on someonerester sur la dà ©fensive  Ã‚  to stay on the defensiverester sur ses gardes  Ã‚  to keep ones guard uprevenir sur  (un sujet)  Ã‚  to go back over (a topic)sauter sur une occasion  Ã‚  to jump at an opportunitytirer sur  Ã‚  to shoot attourner sur  (là ©glise, la droite)  Ã‚  to turn (toward the church, right)

The Nature And Consequences Of Vietnam - 1576 Words

The nature and consequences of US involvement in Vietnam until 1968 are categorically characterised by Economic, Social, political and military linkages with the nation on both flanks of the demilitarised zone on the 17th parallel. The consequences associated, in regards to the United States escalation of involvement in economic, social, political and military relations in both South and North Vietnam, were substantial in the sense that the United States would ultimately shape a volatile political and military forefront for an anti-communist crusade in the already established cold war environment. The nation of Vietnam, from 1946 – 1954 were engaged in a conflict against the French imperialists for independence whilst France were in an†¦show more content†¦The Geneva conference concluded that, by August 1954, Vietnam was to be separated temporarily in two by the 17th parallel, the communist north controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the Non-communist south established by the French. A national election was to be held in 1956 to decide the political future of the nation, a stipulation of the Geneva accords. The Non-communist south and the United States refused to sign the accord although they did decide to abide by the agreement. From the United States perspective, if the agreement had been allowed to be carried out, the consequences resulting would be a disaster as Ho Chi Minh would inevitably win the election against president Diem and the Domino Theory would fall into action. The domino theory was the centre the founding impetus for the United States’ involve ment in Vietnam; the theory dictates that if Vietnam fell to communism, the other remaining South East Asian countries would consequently follow. The communist ideology lends itself to some extent in corroborating this theory. Vladimir Lenin for example, in his writing, called for an â€Å"International revolution† of the communist ideology. Historian G.Lewy (1978) also argues in favour for the theory’s involvement in driving an impetus for US involvement in Vietnam, that there is an ‘American anti-communist crusading’ behind the development of US relations with Vietnam. Ultimately, the United States’

Understand And Requirements Of Innovation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Understand And Requirements Of Innovation? Answer: Introduction: An economical system consists of three sectors, primary sector or agricultural sector, secondary sector or industrial sector and tertiary sector or service sector. Primary sector deals with the natural resources present within the country. This sector is associated with fishing, forestry, agriculture and mining majorly and generates raw materials which can be utilized by the other industry, specifically manufacturing sectors. Secondary sector is the industrial sector which is mainly associated with constructions and manufacturing services to produce effective products for the society (Galbraith 2015). This sector develops the economic base of society in any country by producing products for consumers. Finally, tertiary sector is service sector which provides different services to the people of a society like sales, education, tourism, finance and others. Industrial sector uses the resources or raw materials provided by primary sector to produce effective products for consumer purchase or further development. Depending on the production this sector can be divided into two parts, one is heavy industry sector and another is light industry sector (Bigliardi et al. 2012). Depending on the working principles, industrial sector can be again divided into two parts, one is manufacturing and another is construction. Few common industries that can be shown as examples are automobile industry, consumer production industry, textile industry, steel industry and many more. Purpose of the report is to discuss about industrial innovations over the years. Three basic sectors of economy are stabilized throughout ages only because of adaption and innovation. An industry only prospers when it implies innovation within. Different types of industries different types of innovation and through this report, telecommunication industry innovations are discussed. Telecommunication Industry Sector: Now-a-days human life is too much involved with telecommunication industry sector. The working area of the sector is related with the technology of information and communication. In earlier days, most of the revenue of this sector is generated by conventional telephone calls (Belussi, Gottardi and Rullani 2012). With the advancement of technology, calls are being replaced by chats, messages and e-mails. Main component of this industry is high speed internet, which is provided various broadband servers (Yami and Nemeh 2014). Revolution in Broadband Services: The major organisations in broadband services have provided four specific products for the consumers among which television, telephony and internet access are the dominant products those have remained in the market (Murray 2013). Another dominant resource is cell phones as the digital data constantly overtaking the importance of voice in communication. Bandwidth of mobile services is lower than that of residential services but the network speed is low. With the increase of network speed, over-the-top providers are coming into the market of telecommunications (Samad and Kiliccote 2012). These providers uses public internet network as a channel to promote their products competing with the conventional telecommunication products. Examples of this over the top providers are companies like Vonage and Skype. Innovative Focus: Television, telephony and internet access, which are renowned as the term Triple pay, are the major focus areas of innovations in telecommunication industry (Galbraith 2015). Pathway of this focus is the interaction between operational members of system and upstream suppliers, which can be in form of proposals or requests. These interactions are based on the inter-relationship of the interacting parties which are circumstantial and dynamic (Battistella 2014). The innovation planning is deduced from a set of ideas developed from market research and the constantly developing pressures the competitors. The innovations are dependent on the capabilities of the manufacturer. The innovators also try to focus on developing certain tools that can predict market needs or new service providing capabilities. Innovations always can be analysed either inputs or outputs (Murray 2013). Innovation in in-network and over the top services: There are two main kinds of innovations in telecommunication structure. One s in-network technology and other is over-the-network technology (Samad and Kiliccote 2012). Since inventions in internet are mainly based in software development and coding, various organisations, even individual can deliver innovations. This is the reason for which competition arises for internet based service providers in the basis of network operators and manufacturers of equipment. This causes a resistance in the competition in the basis of friction (Narula 2014). Research and Development: Research and development is another sector related with industrial innovations. Telecommunication innovation associated with researches in public sectors. The pipeline for innovation is also constructed with the help of researches in the fields of university and military (Bond and Goldstein 2015). Different public sector innovations can be shown as an example, like invention of erbium doped fibre amplifiers, which is used to amplify optic signals, a new cryptographic algorithm published by MIT in order to strengthen the security and privacy in communication system (Vonortas 2012). These are all the results of successful research and development analysis and its implementation on innovation. Business Model Innovations: Like every other industrial sectors, telecommunication sectors implement various business models to improve the quality of their products and services (De la Mothe and Paquet 2012). The fundamental requirement of innovation in this sector is the idea of next generation services (Drucker 2014). Now-a-days many industry leaders are investing capital in next generation movements regarding internet protocol networks, so the new products and services can be invented (Bigliardi et al. 2012). The traditional method of research and development in business model has been replaced with the use of new equipments and application or service providers (Yami and Nemeh 2014). Internet and entertainment industries are the newest additions to the industrial sectors and competition within the industry has begun very quickly. Innovation has become a very critical factor for them, since without embracing new business models and business partners neither innovators nor information services can progress (L ee, Olson and Trimi 2012). It is generally seen that innovation in any industry depends on reconfiguring and remodelling of the current business model utilized by that sector (Jin et al. 2015). However, innovation in telecom industry on the basis of remodelling business model has been found to be opposite in nature on the basis of several surveys as Global CEO study, surveyed in 2006. In telecom industry the CEOs are generally affected by the positive and negative effects of old and new business models, but the implementation of those business models into the reality is not been observed (Narula 2014). Generally, telecom CEOs are more involved with the invention of new products and services rather than reconfiguring the business model. According to the surveys, only 26 percent of the resources have been used in innovations in business models. Barriers in Industry Sector Innovation: There are certain barriers in industry sector innovation, associated with different sectors of the business. The paradox business model of telecom industry creates some barriers for the innovative implementation (Vonortas 2012). Due to more involvement with development with new products and new services rather than reconfiguring the business model, allows the space for new organisation emerges with more advanced tactics and consumer-friendly business model (De la Mothe and Paquet 2012). Therefore, an enhancement in the business model popularises a organisation developing similar kind of products and services (Drucker 2014). There are five basic factors in the industrial sector that generates barrier for innovation. These factors are insufficient funding, avoiding risks, isolation, lack of time commitments and wrong measures of different situations. An innovation totally depends on the start up fund for its establishment, but major problems arise when the funding becomes insufficient or comes at wrong time. Organisations, whose funding cycle is annual, cannot get a grip easily in the real world structure (Poynter 2012). The funding should follow the short term goals of the innovation, not the long term objective because the construction of any innovation depends on short term functions (Bond and Goldstein 2015). Innovations are always risky, as one cannot get too confident for its success in the initial stage. Introduction of various risk factors often stop the progress of an innovation. Sometimes industries anticipate this barrier and take measures by creating smaller prototypes for innovation and test them before introducing the innovation majorly. Rules and regulations are employed by an industry in order to protect identity information and sustain itself within the environment (Belussi, Gottardi and Rullani 2012). Sometimes these boundaries seem to be more artificial rather than beneficial. Often it has been seen that innovations do not remain within organisational boundaries. Time management is another crucial topic associated with the barrier. Training time, working time and evaluating time, all are the part of this barrier. Sometimes due to less training time or work-implementation time an innovation is affected badly. Sometimes the investment does not come timely; again sometimes the usefulness of the innovation does not get measured timely (Haufler 2013). Finally incorrect measurement hampers an innovation. Sometimes industrial organisations focus majorly in cost-revenue structures, market shares and profits rather than intangible measures like knowledge, efficiency, leade rship skills, reputation and some others. Apart from these basic barriers, there are some more general barriers that can be mentioned in order to understand the resistances in the path of innovation. Lack of leadership skills, industrial infrastructure, similarity in innovative ideas, working principles and working habit of employees associated with the innovation are some other general barriers that come in path of industrial innovation (Yami and Nemeh 2014). Government Involvement in Industrial Sector: Primary objective of economical development is the development of masses. To achieve this objective industrial sector has been used as a key element by a good number of governments. In most of the developed and developing countries private sector of the total market has been targeted for industrialization. The role of government and involvement in the development are very crucial (Jin et al. 2015). Depending on the evaluation of intellectual, financial and industrial assets government can anticipate the success of industrial sector and thus motivates it. Technological advancement is another important process associated with industrialization, where government intervention has been proved to be necessary (Battistella 2014). Subsidization of efforts in technology and registration of patents by different firms are the primary intervention of government in the technological process of industry sector. Information technology centre can be established by government which can be rented to t he private sectors (Poynter 2012). Proper infrastructure should be provided by government like proper construction, effective transport and power system. In case of telecom industry the broadband services are the additional infrastructure that can be provided (Haufler 2013). Involvement in the financial sector of the industries, like telecommunication and other industry is proven beneficial as a single, good investment is more effective than a number of moderate investments. Intervention and regulation of financial market for innovation of an industry is another government involvement that can be mentioned (Lee, Olson and Trimi 2012). Involvement of government reduces market failures of an industrial sector. Government policies like direct investing in the industrial sectors, enhancement of competition between various organisations belonging to a specific sector reduces the risks developed due to rising of monopoly, insufficient or misdirected investment, involvement of externalities and some others. Conclusion: Innovation is the key factor for survival of any economic sector, specifically industrial sector as the baseline of this sector is construction and manufacturing. In order to survive in the market any organisation relating to a specific industry must introduce innovation so that it can get a hold of a great deal of consumers. Telecommunication is an uprising industry in the global market. Use of internet and broadband services are becoming the keys of social life. Therefore, every organisation associated with this industry always looks to bring something new and better in the market. Often it can be seen that innovation in product or services does not involve reconfiguration in business model. Although there are many innovations already have been occurred in this sector, there are still many potential innovations that can be done in this industry. Rise of big data which is the backbone for innovation in this industry can be furnished more. New products can come into the market that c an meet the consumer requirements for personal, commercial and other various activities. Moreover, the speed of human life is elevating proportionally with the speed of internet and broadband services, which develops the field for more innovation of products and services in the industrial sectors. References: Battistella, C., 2014. The organisation of Corporate Foresight: A multiple case study in the telecommunication industry.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,87, pp.60-79. Belussi, F., Gottardi, G. and Rullani, E. eds., 2012.The technological evolution of industrial districts(Vol. 29). Springer Science Business Media. Bigliardi, B., Ivo Dormio, A. and Galati, F., 2012. The adoption of open innovation within the telecommunication industry.European Journal of Innovation Management,15(1), pp.27-54. Bond, P. and Goldstein, I., 2015. Government intervention and information aggregation by prices.The Journal of Finance,70(6), pp.2777-2812. De la Mothe, J. and Paquet, G. eds., 2012.Local and regional systems of innovation(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Galbraith, J.K., 2015.The new industrial state. Princeton University Press. Haufler, V., 2013.A public role for the private sector: Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Carnegie Endowment. Jin, X., Wah, B.W., Cheng, X. and Wang, Y., 2015. Significance and challenges of big data research.Big Data Research,2(2), pp.59-64. Lee, S.M., Olson, D.L. and Trimi, S., 2012. Co-innovation: convergenomics, collaboration, and co-creation for organizational values.Management Decision,50(5), pp.817-831. Murray, M., 2013.Corporate social responsibility in the construction industry. Routledge. Narula, R., 2014.Globalization and technology: Interdependence, innovation systems and industrial policy. John Wiley Sons. Poynter, T.A., 2012.Multinational enterprises and government intervention(Vol. 32). Routledge. Samad, T. and Kiliccote, S., 2012. Smart grid technologies and applications for the industrial sector.Computers Chemical Engineering,47, pp.76-84. Vonortas, N.S., 2012.Cooperation in research and development(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Yami, S. and Nemeh, A., 2014. Organizing coopetition for innovation: The case of wireless telecommunication sector in Europe.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), pp.250-260.

The Nation Takes Shape Essays - States Of The United States

The Nation Takes Shape The Nation Takes Shape by Marcus Cunliffe published by the University of Chicago Press 1789-1800 Bobby Earl Ms. C. Love February 12, 1998 The period of time from 1789 to 1839 was an age of growth for the United States of America; the United States grew bigger and better in general, it expanded into the West, and its commerce and industry also grew substantially. This is in part because of the great political leaders such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, but also in part of growing national pride and the yearning to become a successful nation. America grew larger and improved greatly in the first half century of its life. The territory of the United States tripled in size as America bought large amounts of property from other nations, and the number of the states in the Union doubled. The population doubled twice from around four million people to almost sixteen million people, and by the year 1840 rolled around. American exports also quadrupled in size to about $80 million dollars in profit. The national debt from earlier years was completely paid off in this time period; a feat that has not been accomplished since. An Army and Navy were established to protect the country, and judiciary, legislative, and executive departments of the government were formed with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America. Transportation became much easier in America by 1840. Approximately 2500 miles of canals and 3000 miles of railroads had been constructed. Harbors, lighthouses, and dry docks had also greatly incr eased in number to aid the seafarers. In the first fifty years of its history, almost all parts of America grew enormously, from schools to post offices to forts. America was a becoming a stronger nation in a world of giants. Another area of American growth was the West. As the Constitution was being signed, virtually no one lived on the western side of the Appalachian mountains. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the United States in size, however, and people soon started to expand into the empty space. At first, the thirteen original states argued over land boundaries from the colonial times. Eventually, they all ceded the controversial land to the United States government. The American government soon issued the Northwest Ordinance to deal with the land in the northwest. The ordinance divided up the territory into townships of thirty-six square mile sections. Each square mile would be sold at about $640. The ordinance also set the requirements the territory had to meet to be given a non-voting representative in Congress and to be eligible for statehood. The Northwest Ordinance also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory. There were other residents of this territory, however. Many Native Americans were pushed out after Mad Anthony Wayne defeated them at Fallen Timbers. Also, Jay's Treaty prevented the British from intervening in the Northwest Territory any longer. This eradication of non-Americans left room for many more people to move west and gave them a more secure feeling of safety. There were quite a few more reasons that people wanted to move out west. One of the reasons was because of the lack of farming land in the east. In the Northeast the soil was too rocky and poor to be able to sustain profitable farms. In the middle states, the soil was being eroded away; the tobacco plantations were ruining the soil in the South. Another reason was because the ideal of Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States should reach from coast to coast, was becoming more popular. For these reasons and more, the population in the West grew rapidly, and the empty territories quickly became states. Another area in which America grew considerably was in commerce and industry. Before the Revolution, the colonies and Britain had established a relationship in which the colonies would export many raw products to Britain, and Britain would export many finished products to America. After the Revolution, Britain remained the United States' most valuable trading partner, but America also opened up to some new foreign markets, such as those in Latin America, the Mediterranean, and the Far East, areas economically controlled by major European powers. Between the years of 1793 to 1815, wars raged